What Exactly is Positive Reinforcement in Dog Training?
Dog training is as much an art as it is a science, with various techniques and philosophies guiding how we teach our furry companions. One of the most widely recognized methods is positive reinforcement. However, if you’ve ever wondered what positive reinforcement actually means, let’s break down where this fits within the broader context of dog training and discuss what sets excellent trainers apart in today’s world.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement is the practice of adding something your learner finds desirable following a behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again. For example, if you ask your dog to sit and they do, rewarding them with a treat or praise reinforces that action, encouraging them to sit on cue in the future. Positive reinforcement makes training enjoyable and motivating for your dog, fostering a strong bond between you and your pet.
What other behavior change techniques are there?
In the world of behavioral science, four main quadrants outline how dogs (and other animals) learn. These quadrants are based on whether you are adding or removing something to the environment, and whether the behavior is more or less likely to occur in the future as a result.
- Positive Reinforcement (R+)
Definition: Adding something the dog finds rewarding to increase a behavior.
Example: When teaching your dog to “shake,” you give them a treat each time they place their paw in your hand. The treat acts as a positive reinforcer, making it more likely the dog will repeat the behavior. - Negative Reinforcement (R-)
Definition: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.
Example: Applying light pressure on a dog’s collar and releasing it when the dog stops pulling. This removal of pressure reinforces the dog to walk without pulling. Although it can result in an increased desired behavior, this method should be used very carefully as it usually involves introducing something aversive or uncomfortable to the environment. - Positive Punishment (P+)
Definition: Adding something the dog finds aversive to decrease a behavior.
Example: Using a loud noise or spray to startle a dog when they bark excessively. The addition of an unpleasant stimulus aims to reduce the barking behavior. Positive punishment has the potential to create fear and damage trust. - Negative Punishment (P-)
Definition: Removing something the dog enjoys to decrease a behavior.
Example: If your dog jumps up for attention, turning away and ignoring them removes the attention they seek, discouraging the jumping behavior.
Skilled trainers understand that using only one quadrant in all situations may not address every training need. This is why methods like negative punishment (e.g., withdrawing attention) are often used alongside positive reinforcement to shape behaviors effectively.
The Importance of Finding a Certified Trainer
These days, many trainers market themselves as positive reinforcement trainers. However, the true mark of an excellent trainer lies in their understanding of the behavior quadrants, and adherence to ethical principles and certifications that back their knowledge. Beware of trainers who use the term positive reinforcement as a flashy buzzword because they sometimes hand out treats, but then don’t hesitate to shock a dog for doing something undesirable (positive punishment)! Here’s how to navigate through the noise and what to look for:
1. Certifications and Accreditation
Look for trainers who hold certifications from well-respected organizations like the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (CCPDT) or the International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants (IAABC). Such credentials indicate that the trainer has undergone rigorous education and testing to demonstrate their competence in using humane training techniques.
2. LIMA (Least Intrusive, Minimally Aversive) Principles
A skilled trainer adheres to LIMA guidelines, which emphasize using the least intrusive and minimally aversive methods to achieve training goals. Trainers following these principles focus on positive reinforcement as the primary method but may use other quadrants—such as negative punishment—when necessary and appropriate.
3. Force-Free Training
Force-free trainers avoid techniques that inflict pain, fear, or intimidation. Instead, they focus on creating a positive and safe environment where dogs can learn without stress.
Trainers who use a well-rounded approach understand that training should always prioritize the dog’s emotional and physical well-being, creating a safe and enriching experience for both the dog and their human. All trainers on DigUp hold credentials from at least one certifying organization, so you can search with ease. You can also read more about our standards for trainers on our post here!